Technische wetenschappen
 
Image Archive Architectural Interventions IAAI(registration)

Request for subsidy N.W.O./S.T.W middle-large investment

2002-10-10

Submitted by Prof.dr.ir. T.M. de Jong, professor Town and region designing, environmental planning and ecology, Faculty of Architecture DUT, Berlageweg 1, 2628 CR Delft, or postbus 5043,  2600 GA Delft. Tel. 0152785965 or 0793516599. Fax 0152783694. Email T.M.deJong@bk.tudelft.nl. Internet http://www.bk.tudelft.nl/urbanism/TEAM. Project leader Prof.dr.ir. I.S. Sariyildiz.

Related additional requests allocated by Habiforum by Frieling, new request for utilization to ICES by Rots. Keywords: image database, design study, study by design, DSSystems, decision making.

 

CONTENTS

1    Introduction.. 2

1.1  Summary  2

1.2  Summary in Dutch  3

1.3  Formulation of the problem    4

1.4  Utilization  5

1.5  Aims  6

1.6  Research group  7

2    Plan of work and utilization.. 8

2.1  Input differentiation  9

2.2  Database functionality  9

2.3  ‘Linguistic’ database  9

2.4  Output by Geographic Information Systems including Design (GIS-D) 10

2.5  Writing 'help' files  10

2.6  Facilitating maintenance  10

2.7  External users  10

2.8  Developing DSSystems  10

2.9  Hardware  10

3    Costs and coverage.. 11

Enclosure Starting points.. 12

Previous history  12

Input 12

Final image of IAAI(registration) 13

Contacts for further development 13

Enclosure current programme of demands.. 15

Implementation input 15

Retrievability of context and perspective  16

Commonness list 17

Association lists  17

Automatic translation of keywords  17

Feed back to the supplier  17

Deleting unsuccessful  keywords  17

Database functionality  17

Output 18

Help files  18

Maintenance and organization  18

External users  18

Enclosure largely realized programme (in Dutch iba 1999) 19

References.. 23

Keywords.. 26

 

1         Introduction

1.1      Summary

The Image Archive of Architectural Interventions IAAI(registration)[a] now contains approximately 1500 images from approximately 500 recent graduate projects from the Faculty of Architecture Delft University of Technology (DUT). The Faculty strives to document all graduation projects from now on this way. The archive is accessible via the internet[b]. The images are documented per image in such a way that researchers, teachers, students and DSSystems outside the Faculty can select and download series of images relevant to a specified research or design theme and to urban decision making. Urban and architectural designs are pre-eminently context sensitive. The input programme asks for selection criteria concerning context characteristics per level of scale. Each image is supposed to be made with an implicit view on the administrative, cultural, economical, technical, ecological and/or mass-space-time circumstances the design will function in. The input programme asks to make this perspective explicit. It asks which kinds of impacts within that perspecive are readable from the image. So images can be found again by such context criteria.

 

A final image of the IAAI is a 3D map of the Netherlands per perspective, designed by the designers who will shape the Netherlands. You can fly through each scenario virtually (‘flight simulator') and examine each design at first glance in its mass-space-time context. This is important to find examples comparable by context. To this purpose the Meetkundige Dienst RWS (Feinaud) would like to put an adapted version of the 3D Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland (AHN) to our disposal. Geodan (Scholten, VU) already gave a 2D inzoomable map to find the images by location. Two other faculties of DUT made progress in this field by situating works of Vermeer in their 3D historical context of Delft[c].

 

Design research, and study by design, need a critical mass of images to find some of them, professionally comparable by context, perspective, impact and other characteristics more difficult to name[d]. The system will probably function for this purpose when a critical mass of 100 000 well documented images is reached. To reach this critical mass, the programme for input is made as user friendly as possible for the approximately 3000 students, teachers and researchers of the faculty. They have a personal interest in a worldwide accessible portfolio of their own work. They constitute a motivated and educated capacity for the labour-intensive input. The developed input programme is however too extended for many projects with their own standard input. A more tapered input for each project, in the future to be adapted by the suppliers themselves, has to be developed to stimulate decentralized input.

The system is shaped in such a way, that after reaching a critical mass for research, different external Decision (or Design) Support Systems (DSS) could make use of the registration. A prototype of such a DSS is made by Frieling IAAI(E.M.R.) (Frieling, Gordijn et al. 2001) by order of Habiforum, presupposing an IAAI(registration) as proposed here.

 

This request N.W.O./S.T.W. to subsidize the registration project asks for a contribution of  € 640 000 to

 

·         differentiate the input per research project;

·         elaborate a more linguistic storage and semantic retrievability solving design profession specific naming problems;

·         develop a 3D landscape of design contexts.

 

The request is submitted by Prof.dr.ir. T.M. de Jong, professor Environmental Planning and Ecology, Faculty of Architecture DUT, Berlageweg 1, 2628 CR Delft, or postbus 5043,  2600 GA Delft. Tel. 0152785965 or 0793516599. Fax 0152783694. Email T.M.deJong@bk.tudelft.nl. Internet www.bk.tudelft.nl/urbanism/TEAM.

1.2      Summary in Dutch

Het Image Archive of Architectural Interventions IAAI(registration)[e] bevat nu ongeveer 1500 beelden van ongeveer 500 recente afstudeerprojecten van de Faculteit Bouwkunde TUDelft. De Facuteit streeft naar documentatie op deze manier van alle afstudeerprojecten vanaf nu. Het archief is toegankelijk via het internet[f]. De beelden zijn zodanig per beeld gedocumenteerd dat onderzoekers, docenten, studenten en DSSystemen buiten de Faculteit series beelden kunnen kiezen en downloaden, relevant voor specifieke thema’s van onderzoek, ontwerp en publieke besluitvorming betreffende het bouwen. Stedebouwkundige en architectonische ontwerpen zijn bij uitstek contextgevoelig. Het invoerprogramma vraagt om context-kenmerken per schaalniveau die als selectiecriterium bij het zoeken gebruikt kunnen worden. Er wordt van uitgegaan dat elk beeld wordt gemaakt met een onuitgesproken visie op de bestuurlijke, culturele, economische, technische, ecologische en/of massa-ruimte-tijd omstandigheden waarin het ontwerp zal functioneren. Het invoerprogramma vraagt dit perspectief expliciet te maken. Het vraagt ook welke soorten consequenties binnen dat perspectief afleesbaar zijn van de tekening. Daardoor kunnen beelden worden teruggevonden volgens zulke context-criteria.

 

Een eindbeeld van het IAAI is een 3D-kaart van Nederland per perspectief of scenario, ontworpen door de ontwerpers die Nederland in de toekomst grotendeels ook werkelijk zullen vormgeven. Daarmee kan men door elk scenario virtueel heen vliegen ('flight simulator'), zodat elk ontwerp in één oogopslag kan worden bestudeerd in zijn context van massa, ruimte en tijd. Dit is van belang om voorbeelden te vinden die ook qua context vergelijkbaar zijn. Tot dit doel is ook de Meetkundige Dienst RWS (Feinaud) bereid een aangepaste versie van het 3D Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland (AHN) ter beschikking te stellen. Geodan (Scholten, VU) heeft een 2D inzoombare kaart ter beschikking gesteld om de beelden naar locatie te kunnen terugzoeken. Twee andere faculteiten van de TUDelft hebben al vooruitgang geboekt door werken van Vermeer in hun historische 3D context van Delft te plaatsen[g].

 

Ontwerponderzoek en onderzoek door ontwerp vergen een kritische massa beelden om enkele beelden te kunnen vinden die ook vergelijkbaar zijn wat betreft context, perspectief, afleesbare consequenties en andere kenmerken die moeilijk te benoemen zijn[h]. Het systeem kan tot dit doel waarschijnlijk pas functioneren wanneer een kritische massa van 100 000 goed gedocumenteerde beelden wordt bereikt. Om deze kritische massa te bereiken is een invoerprogramma gemaakt dat zo gebruikersvriendelijk mogelijk kan worden gebruikt door de ongeveer 3000 studenten, docenten en onderzoekers van de faculteit. Zij hebben persoonlijk belang bij een portfolio van hun eigen werk dat wereldwijd toegankelijk is. Zij vormen daardoor een gemotiveerd en professioneel potentieel voor de arbeidsintensieve invoer. Het ontwikkelde invoerprogramma is echter te uitgebreid voor veel ontwerpprojecten die een eigen, gestandaardiseerde invoer hebben. Een meer toegespitste invoer voor elk project, in de toekomst aanpasbaar door de leveranciers van beelden zelf, moet ontwikkeld worden om een gedecentraliseerde invoer te stimuleren.

Het systeem is zo opgezet, dat nadat een kritieke massa voor onderzoek is bereikt, verscheidene externe Decision (of Design) Support Systemen (DSS) van deze registratie gebruik kunnen maken.

Een prototype van zo’n DSS, het 'IAAI(E.M.R.)’ is gemaakt door Frieling (Frieling, Gordijn et al. 2001) in opdracht van Habiforum. Het vooronderstelt een IAAI(registration) zoals hier wordt voorgesteld.

 

Dit verzoek aan N.W.O./S.T.W. om het IAAI-registratieproject te subsidiëren, omvat een bijdrage van € 640 000 voor:

 

·         invoerdifferentiatie per onderzoeksproject;

·         het uitwerken van een meer linguistische opslag en een semantische terugzoekbaarheid die voor de professie specifieke naamgevingsproblemen oplost;

·         de ontwikkeling van een 3D-landschap waarin de ontwerpen in hun context kunnen worden teruggezocht.

 

1.3      Formulation of the problem

In a university of technology, designs are made (design study), examined (design research) and evaluated Jong et al.(2002). Making a design, the preliminary investigation and its conclusion, the programme of demands, only partly direct the solution. The design does not follow unequivocally and reproductably from a programme like a scientific prediction from its basic assumptions ceteris paribus. Even with a strict programme, alternatives (eventually unexpectable) are possible in design. This is most explicit in building design. The choice of a final alternative is determined by the context of the object to be designed. The market, the location and the designer (context of invention) belong to the broader present and future managerial, cultural, economical, technical, ecological, and mass-space-time context and perspective of the object. ‘Context’ is different on different levels of scale and cannot be foreseen completely in the programme.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

CONTEXT                                       PERSPECTIVE

 

Variable per level of scale         and period of change.

For example:                                                        tentative nationally:

 

managerial/political:   initiative            < >        laissez-faire        7 years

cultural:                   traditional           < >       experimental       15 years

economics:              growth               < >            shrinkage       30 years

technical:                 combination       < >       specialization       60 years

ecological:               heterogeneous    < >      homogeneous     120 years

mass-space-time:     concentration     < >   deconcentration    240 years

 

Context and changing context (perspective)

 

The number of imaginable alternatives for buildings, mostly with a long term multifunctional programme of (conflicting) demands, is unconceivably large, subject to a combinatoric explosion of possible forms. Buildings and urban designs have a long period of use and they are earthbound. So they have to function in a changing context (perspective) that is unpredictable and not influenced by the programming authority, designer or user. From the viewpoint of their durability they should be able to accommodate varying programmes and daily changing aims of their inhabitants and users. This quality of building design is called ‘robustness’. ‘Flexibility’ is only part of it. So, from all artefacts, buildings have the most context sensitive function for use, perception and market, not to be evaluated without that context and therefore hardly comparable to each other (sometimes even unique). It is difficult to find comparable examples for design research to draw more general conclusions for design.

Design research concerns determined objects within determined contexts. Research by design (below grey) varies either the object (design study) or the context (typology) or even both (study by design):

 

 

OBJECT

 

determined

variable

CONTEXT               determined

Design Research

Design Study

                                  variable

Typology

Study by design

 

Even with a comparable programme of demands, not only their own diversity of solutions, but also the diversity of their contexts or perspectives to function in, is very large. Consequently, the diversity of rational reasons (determined by context) to choose a final alternative is even larger. So, building design research often has the character of an n=1 study with limited general value to other designs. Design research, based on more examples than one, is often ignored by designers, because on location many design relevant circumstances appear different from what the examined examples had in common. The descriptive interpretation of context by researchers differs from the imaginative interpretation of designers, that stresses possibilities rather than probabilities. Moreover, the principal often asks for a unique design, ‘exploiting’ rare qualities of context. So design decisions seldom can be founded on examples univocally and professionally by the lack of material for comparison.

 

For building design research with more general design relevant (context sensitive) conclusions, we need a database with a large number of designs and composing images to find different examples in comparable contexts. This places great demands on the possibilities of verbal and non verbal selection within such a database[i]. It has consequences on the effort of documentation per image. It has methodological implications in naming and defining countless possible architectural interventions and their effects in different contexts. For this purpose the Faculty of Architecture of the Delft Technical University (DUT) spent several years in developing an Image Archive of Architectural Interventions (IAAI), able to store thousands of images made per year in that faculty, retrievable amongst others by location, context, perspective and supposed effect within that context. Its prototype functioning on the internet now contains approximately 1500 documented images from 500 recent graduate projects equiped with logical sentence functions[j] as syntactically composed keywords. They are retrievable by alternate choice of images and keywords. The database is prepared in the future to mount 3D designs in a 3D map of the Netherlands allowing fly-through in a scenario chosen in advance, to see them at first glance in their supposed mass-space-time context. Historical images then can be recorded in their own former context and perspective.

 

Recording urban designs on a national, regional, local and technical level of scale in this archive makes these designs accessible for planning research on other universities and decision making institutions. Recording technical details of buildings makes them accessible to other technical faculties like Civil Engineering and Industrial Design in DUT, Architecture in TUE and various faculties abroad. As soon as these faculties would like to give more attention to the context-sensibility of their own design examples, other than building designs, easily can be recorded according to their level of scale. It will give the database a more general design orientation, stimulating cooperation in research between the technical faculties and decision making institutions.

1.4      Utilization

For the sake of research exchange between different technical faculties this year (2001) each faculty of the DUT made a comparable ‘portfolio of research’.

Within the portfolio of the Faculty of Architecture the further development of IAAI is of crucial importance for the themes and programmes summarized below.

 

Themes and Programmes

Programme leaders

existing databases

 

Architecture

 

 

 

Dutch Urban Architecture

Duin, Prof. ir. L. van[k]

x

 

Restoration of Cultural Heritage

Voorden, Prof.dr.ir. F. van

x

 

Architectural Design of (Mass) Housing

Risselada, Prof. ir. M.

x

 

Design Knowledge Systems and Digital Architecture

Tzonis, Prof. A.[l]

x

 

Concept and Materialisation

Fretton, Prof. T.

 

 

Modernity and Tradition

Risselada, Prof. ir. M.[m]

x

 

 

 

 

 

Urbanism

 

 

 

Techniques of urban design

Meyer, Prof.dr.ir. H.[n]

x

 

Delta design

Frieling, Prof. ir. D.H.

x

 

Urban transformations

Bekkering, Prof.ir. H.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Building Technology

 

 

 

Blob

Eekhout, Prof.dr.ir. M.[o]

 

 

ZAPPI

Eekhout, Prof.dr.ir. M.

x

 

Retrofitting

Rots, Prof.dr.ir. J.

 

 

Environments

Voorden, ir. M. van der

 

 

 

 

 

 

Real Estate & Project Management

 

 

 

Real Estate Management

Jonge, Prof.ir. H. de[p]

 

 

Housing Studies

Priemus, Prof.dr.ir. H.[q]

x

 

Project management

Geraerdts, ir. R.P.[r]

 

 

Management Fundamentals

Jonge, Prof.ir. H. de

 

 

 

The planned cross-connecting ‘Validated Integrated Projects’:

 

 

need a context sensible database, transforming and connecting the already existing databases in a digital format, gradually supplemented by non-digital sources (books, reports, exhibitions), the graduate studies and the new input of each research programme. By this database the research programmes can find and use each others design examples, having more mass to find comparable cases in comparable contexts.

 

A database like this has great advantages for design education, study, research and applications in national, regional and local planning. These applications will make further development self-supporting when a critical mass of easily retrievable design examples is reached. To reach such a status however requires an effort too big for a faculty or even a university alone. This is the reason to ask a subsidy by N.W.O./S.T.W. and for external social applications by Habiforum (E.M.R.) and I.C.E.S.  The faculty has made a preliminary investment for the protope and has substantial means for labour-intensive input. Approximately 3000 students, teachers and scientists have a personal interest in a worldwide accessible portfolio of their own work constituting a motivated professionally capacity for input. The currently developed input programme is a user friendly application, but too extended for many projects with their own standard input. A more tapered input for each project to be adapted by the suppliers themselves has to be developed to stimulate decentralized input.

 

The role of design in future decision making processes is described by van Loon (Loon 1998; Gunsteren and Loon 2000; Loon 2000) and Frieling, initiator of the IAAI (Frieling 1995; Frieling 1996; Frieling, Mitchell et al. 1996; Frieling 1997; Frieling 1998; Frieling, Reh et al. 1998; Frieling 1999). Frieling gives a summary of more than a decade of experimental research by design on this subject and its theoretical foundation, ending in the nationally applicated concept of Deltametropolis. This experience made clear that a database of design images is indispensable to make better and more quickly public decisions as a characteristic of a real metropolis. Recently Frieling started a large faculty project to design different perspectives on Deltametropolis, suited projects on a smaller scale and a decision process to bring them together in one perspective by a simulated public debate. About 80 graduating students of different faculties will make different options for Deltametropolis as in the meantime aimed in the 5th National Plan of Spatial Policy (VROM 2001b). The results should be retrievable for future decision making about spatial policy on national, regional and local levels of scale.

1.5      Aims

The primary aim of IAAI(registration) is to make existing drawings, images, connected context data and preliminary studies digitally accessible for further research, design and decision making.

This aim is in the first phase restricted to the faculty, and in a second phase extended to external applications like the development of the Deltametropolis. Consequently, researchers and students from the Faculty of Architecture are facilitated in, and stimulated to make retrievable, to evaluate, and to publish designs in a comparable way, and to use them for design research and research by design, the main focus of research in the faculty.

 

IAAI(registration) for the time being is limited to images of which the copyrights are reserved to the faculty or are otherwise free. By that means the knowledge of the faculty can be remembered, utilized and cashed. Such a 'faculty memory' prevents repeating innovation and stimulates technical and professional accumulation. Selecting from a non-selective magnitude of images however, requires far-reaching conditions to the documentation with the input of every image. The input is the bottleneck of any image archive. The most important derived aim then, is an attractive, fast, professionally relevant and embracing system for input per image, and likewise for output.

1.6      Research group

Many research groups will cooperate in this project.

 

Initiator prof.dr.ir. T.M. de Jong is motivated by the same scientific problems existing in ecology as in design research and research by design. The potential diversity and context sensibility of designs raises the same methodological difficulties to generalize as within the combinatoric explosion of species, ecological contexts and diversity within each species. There, image databases become urgent to find any basis for generalization in examples of different states of dispersion (form). The lowes levels of scale (molecular and cellular) have the least problems. Diversity of life increases until approximately 1km radius, and after that level it decreases again. So levels of scale are indispensible in the retrievability of comparable cases from a database.

De Jong has 20 years of experience in computing an programming in basic languages[s], however not in making advanced databases or GIS applications.

 

Project leader Prof.dr.ir. I.S. Sariyildiz started a € 1 mln project for a digital learning environment of which IAAI is a part.

 

For GIS applications the project is discussed with prof. Scholten[t] (VU Amsterdam, Geodan), prof. Oosterom (and Verbree[u], Geodesy DUT) and the CAD atelier of the Faculty of Architecture (van Loon[v], Krebbers[w]). On 3D modeling and script writing this proposal is commented by Stouffs[x] (Faculty of Architecture, chair prof. Sariyildiz[y]). On image databases the project is discussed with Huijsmans[z] (LIACS, University of Leiden). For advanced database functionality turning it linguistic, the project has to rely on the faculty Informatietechnologie en systemen DUT.

All of them are able to and interested in substantial contributions to the software.

 

The most important contribution, however, is the input. The data should be aquired from the research groups mentioned in paragraph 1.4.

 

2         Plan of work

In the diagram below a global plan of work is given per quarter.

 

 

 

 

2002-10-10  

 

 

2003

2004

2005

 

 

 

quarter

3

4

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

1

Input differentiation

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1

2D images of existing building details, buildings etc.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1

Mediatheek of slides (Bijleveld)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2

Archive of maps (vacancy)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

3

Architectural archive (Saariste)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

4

Historical archive (van Geest)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

5

Classic examples (Risselada, Haaksma)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2

2D images of designed future building details, buildings etc.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1

Graduate projects afterwards.) (DOS)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2

Graduate projects in advance (examencie., Curriculumvern) .).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

3

Results of the pilot project Architectural Intervention (Klaasen)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

4

First educational module (Weeber)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

5

Individual input via existing programme

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

3

3D images of designed future building details, buildings etc.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1

Portfolioproject (Sariyildiz)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2

Cad atelier (Barendse)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

3

Cadlab (Koutamanis, vLoon)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

4

Deltam (Tisma)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

5

Individual input via existing programme

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

4

4D Moving and calculated images

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1

IAAI(DSS-E.M.R.) (Frieling)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2

Architecture lab (Oosterhuis)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

3

Technical lab (Rots)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

4

Sustainable Deltametropolis (Berkhout, Hafkamp)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

5

Automation inputscripts

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1

connecting arbitrary databases

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2

protocol for Design Support Systems

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2

Database functionality

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1

 

Commonness list

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2

 

Association list

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

3

 

Association files

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

4

 

Automatic translation English

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

5

 

Automatic translation French, German, Spanish

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

6

 

Feed back to the author

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

7

 

Deleting unsuccessful keywords

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

3

‘Linguistic’ database

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1

 

Programme of demands

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2

 

Extending field for free keywords

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

3

 

Building a linguistic system

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

4

 

Cleaning field bound keywords

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

4

Output GIS-D

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1

 

Buiding a GIS-D-facility

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2

 

Import 3D-map AHN

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

3

 

Connection GIS-CAD

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

5

‘Help’-files

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

6

Facilitating maintenance

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1

 

Selection facility IAAI-committee

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2

 

Automatizing other maintenance

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

7

External users

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1

 

Former pupils

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2

 

Software adaptations

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

3

 

Rights

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

4

 

Security

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

5

 

Payment system

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

6

 

Other Faculties

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

7

 

Other universities

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

8

 

Consultants

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

9

 

Real estate developers

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

10

 

Building industries

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

11

 

Trouble shooting

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

8

Developing DSSystems

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1

 

Prototype Deltanet DSS

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2

 

Water system

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

3

 

Rural system

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

4

 

Transport system

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

5

 

Urban system

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

faculty

 

N.W.O.

 

I.C.E.S

 

E.M.R.

2.1      Input differentiation

Input differentiation initially consists of experimenting the connection with different existing databases and educational projects and research projects producing design drawings within the faculty. These experiments create the know how to automatize the scripts by which groups of also external users can make their query themselves. The faculty chose in four categories each one project to gain experience and to draw up a programme of demands until 2002-07. After 2002-7 this work should be contracted out, if possible to the faculty Informatietechnologie en systemen DUT. The estimated costs are € 75 000.

2.2      Database functionality

Improving database functionality aims at facilitating building design specific semantic search problems, by counting them, and adding associations with keywords as well as their automatic translation. At the same time should be prevented that the association list does silt up, by choices of keywords proven useless. A cleaning mechanism should be developed with the professional group involved.

This functionality could have a favourable influence on the problematic vocabulary of the profession and thus on the retrievability of design drawings. Little experience has been gained by such functionality. The estimated costs are €100 000.

2.3      ‘Linguistic’ database

Even with a strict programme of demands within a location to be built on, the combinatoric explosion of design alternatives is theoretically and practically indescribable. Naming design interventions with different programmes, is one of the most difficult barriers in the way to pure design research. The designer always meets new categories not covered by existing names. This problem concentrates in making images retrievable or searching them with such design characteristics in mind. In the IAAI a solution is approached by (eventually nested) sentence functions, combining keywords by simple syntax, common in mathematics. This solution avoids field names. Preliminary investigation turned out that design-oriented research programmes, vague as they may seem to outsiders, could be summarized in more exact, sometimes even clarifying sentence functions. Consequently a more lucid retrieval mechanism comes into being, rather than using operators like ‘and’, ‘or’ or ‘near’, common in the internet. This method lend itself also to connect fieldnames to keywords. So the existing database can be turned simply into a ‘linguistic’ one. The problem to be solved is the slowness of search. Therefore the Faculty needs help from the faculty Informatietechnologie en systemen DUT. The estimated costs are €125 000.

2.4      Output by Geographic Information Systems including Design (GIS-D)

The Faculty of Architecture has no GIS-D software and hardware at its disposal with enough capacity to handle a file like AHN fast enough. After purchasing such a system (Krebbers), IAAI requires inserting 3D drawings in this file and updating it by photogrammetric adaptation of field inventories.

Therefore the Faculty needs help from the faculty Civil engineering and Geosciences subfaculty Geodesie DUT. The estimated costs are €150 000.

2.5      Writing 'help' files

The help files, concerning the building profession, can be made by the faculty itself. As far as it concerns instructions to the new possibilities the IAAI offers, this work could be done by the chair of prof. Sariyildiz (Stouffs). The estimated costs are €50 000.

2.6      Facilitating maintenance

Except earlier mentioned facilities, other possibilities to minimize the effort of maintenance will come up running the system. The estimated costs are €50 000.

2.7      External users

The value of the IAAI for pure research increases, when also external users are involved and supply images. The effort to interest and facilitate these parties surpasses the capacity of the faculty. For this part subsidy by ICES/KIS-3, theme 4 is requested.

2.8      Developing DSSystems

The experience in developing a design and decision support system for Deltametropolis (Deltanet DSS) showed the necessity to make many projects retrievable. They have to be evaluated by the DSS in well-defined perspectives. This kind of DSS presupposes the existence of a database like IAAI(registration).

2.9      Hardware

The costs of hardware are negligible compared with the effort to make the software. Most investments are already made and the maintainance will accompany the normal hardware investments of the faculty.

3         Costs and coverage

The table below summarizes the above estimated costs and coverage.

 

in 1000 Euro

Faculty of Architecture

DUT

 

STW

Habiforum

(EMR)

 

ICES

Priliminary investment by the faculty

 

 

 

 

Programme of demands 1999

50

 

 

 

Prototype 2002

50

 

 

 

Differentiation of input

10

65

 

 

Database functionality

1

100

 

 

‘Linguistic’ database

1

125

 

 

Output GIS-D

1

150

 

 

Hardware, software and data

 

50

 

 

‘Help’-files

10

50

 

 

Facilitating maintenance

1

50

 

 

Prototype Deltanet DSS 2000

 

 

135

 

External users

 

 

 

150

Project manager

 

30

 

15

Assistant

 

20

 

10

Student assistants

10

 

 

 

Total

134

640

135

175

Grey: done

 

 

 

 

 

 

Enclosure Starting points

Previous history

In a preliminary study, an interactive image archive for the faculty was considered possible within a year, with a budget of € 250 000. The faculty assigned for the first year a budget of € 50 000, with de Jong as project manager (0.2 FTE) and a student (0.4 FTE) as assistant. The project manager accepted this order noting that with 20% of the budget per year, realization would take 5 years. The project is realized in 4 years according to per year available manpower and budget[aa], part of a faculty pilot project ‘The Architectural Intervention’. Including advice from and to the faculty like making a copyright free downloadable map of the Netherlands in 20 layers[bb], the investment until now could be estimated to € 200 000. A report of progress was made every year[cc]. The developed software was documented externally; ongoing software documentation is recorded in the software itself, available for future external software development.

In view of the start budget, the project manager chose a free-lance programmer (Stelpstra) to make the database and the output system using the operating system LINUX. The small-scale organisation and fastly-available LINUX software made possible an integration of initiating, defining, designing and building the system with feed back to earlier phases. So the programme of demands could be adapted to steadily growing new demands from the faculty running the development, until it received stability at last[dd]. These new demands came up during presentations of the programme within the faculty. As a result sometimes the programme was reshuffled radically to keep future developments such as ‘linguistic’ databases open[ee].

 

The full images are located decentralized on a MS DOS server space of the suppliers (authors, students and researchers) with a linguistic unformatted text copy of full sentence functions. The suppliers can remove or process the images themselves. The accessibility of all images on different server spaces is controlled every night by the central LINUX operated database, the obsolete images are removed from the central database automatically. The storage and output contain among many other facilities an automated selection of the 100 best documented images, facilitating the suggested board periodically to make a selection of a top 10 for the home page. From this page the image search can start immediately and non-verbally.

After some experiments with a locally downloadable version of the input programme in MS Visual Basic, it is now integrated in the web site locally using MS Access. To make other image archives and image supplying projects in the faculty accessible via IAAI for these projects, some local scripts are made and tested.

 

Because many image characteristics delivered by the suppliers do not fit in the 130 now existing keyword fields, field 131 is suitable for free keywords, to be registered as full sentence functions. That field however makes searching slower, but by that, the system also is prepared for the development of more linguistic databases without keyword fields defined in advance. Consequently, images difficult to define in advance, also can be searched according to research themes or image characteristics. Notions like 'villa as a function of the landscape' or 'landscape as a function of a villa'  already can be searched as full sentence functions like villa(landscape) or landscape(villa).

Input

Input is still a bottleneck. To find an image requires more keywords than to find a text. An image says more than a thousand words, but which words are these? The characteristics of design are difficult to name. Semantic associations play an important role. Associating can be facilitated by the computer, when it registers successful searches, usable in new searches. When the images are poorly documented, they are less retrievable from the viewpoint of a specific research theme. It stresses the more when the number of stored images increases. Many of them will never be found then by lack of documentation.

The selection of images from the present stock still does not always prove to fulfil the specifications via the internet, because of inaccurate input. After some experiments in the pilot project of the faculty, the Architectural Intervention in 1999, a more user-friendly decentralized input programme was developed in MS Visual Basic[ff]. It served as a programme of demands for a more robust version developed in 2001, to be integrated in the web site, using local facilities from MS Access.

More simple versions are derived from this extended robust version, as a basis of scripts for different existing image archives, to be opened up by IAAI[gg]. The faculty has for instance a valuable collecion of slides (diatheek). They are gradually digitised and stored with a local input programme. A script is written to connect this programme to the IAAI in such a way, that as soon as new slides are documented and stored there, they will also be retrievable on the web site of IAAI next day. Many projects in the faculty need their own tapered input facility, exporting automatically several keywords characteristic for the project as a whole[hh].

Final image of IAAI(registration)

One final image of IAAI(registration) is a 3D map of the Netherlands in different scenarios you can fly through virtually, designed by the designers, most of whom will design the Netherlands (‘flight simulator’). Reasoning back from this image a number of new demands become clear. A 3D map of the Netherlands should be available, as well as hardware and software to handle it (GIS-D). In this map the 3D images should be mounted every day as soon as they are announced. The designs have to be available in a special format, but they are supplied in different formats. They will have to be translated.

When you fly through the future Netherlands, you will see popular spots covered by different designs simultaneously. The system has to choose the portrayed designs on the basis of a selected scenario. The present input programme and database already provide the possibility to note in which European, national, regional contexts and perspectives (scenarios) the design can function. This is also important when the images will be used in the phase of systematization bij a DSS, but this increases the effort of input.

 

Frieling[ii] located the registration and categorizing of images in a broader future perpective of decision (or design) support systems (DSS). Categorizable recorded single images, easily retrievable from the IAAI on many characteristics, could be systematized, composed and transformed in new designs, to be utilized in decision games.

E.M.R. (in the mean time Habiforum) subsidized on the basis of that idea a project Deltanet DSS[jj].

This project is directed at the design of nodal points and traffic calculations in the 'Deltametropool'.

IAAI(registration) however, for the time being, is limited to professional input and retrieval per image. The name of the supplying project is one of the keywords. By that keyword one can find all the images and documentation of the project simultaneously, but the clarification of their connection should be found in an eventually linked web side. One of the keywords in the IAAI is such an eventual link.

By other keywords or sentence functions however, images from different projects can be called, to be transformed in a new coherence (systematisation) and applicated in new designs (Design Support).

In the registration part of IAAI the first matter of importance is the professional interest for design research and research by design. The output and export via Internet, the open architecture and decentralized storage then makes possible to utilize the images in different, also external DS systems. Even competing or future image archives can utilize this decentralized documented stock of images.

Contacts for further development

Geodan has put a map of the Netherlands, up to street level zoomable, at the disposal of the IAAI to find images topographically via the internet. The director of Geodan, Scholten (professor GIS-applications VU Amsterdam) brought to the attention of a nearly nationwide covering 3D file, the Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland, AHN[kk] (Meetkundige Dienst RWS). The first version of this file was made by Geodan measuring the altitude every 4 metre with a laser camera by air. The tolerance was 8 cm[ll], too large for the demands of RWS (5 cm). Such a file however is already useful for the intended flight simulator, for students of design education, for design research and research by design, when the tolerance is 30 cm. The director of the Meetkundige Dienst Feinaud opened the possibility to put such a map under special conditions for free disposal of the IAAI for non commercial educational purposes. It supplies a 3D map with buildings, simulated by columns of 4x4 metre, enough for mass-space studies on an urban scale. More precise mapping can result from photographs on location by photogrammetric treatment of the image, subject of research by the subfaculty of Geodesy and Industrial Design DUT[mm]. Such treatment can be done by students and researchers themselves making the map more precise on relevant spots.

 

The CAD atelier of the Faculty of Architecture DUT (Krebbers) now studies the relevance and application possibilities of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in design education. A distinction has to be made between the already extensive developed analytical applications (GIS) and the less developed applications in favour of design (GIS-D).

The Province of South-Holland, the Ministries LNV and VROM already have advanced possibilities to retrieve zoning plans, master plans, regional plans, land consolidation plans, and their topographic backgrounds. They are, however not publicly accessible and not accessible for research and education. They obey extended international protocols and keyword lists, but with a limited relevance for design research and research by design.

Translating 3D CAD images in different formats to the AHN and inserting them in a GIS environment to make a GIS-D environment still demands an extensive effort.

 

Connecting databases with different keyword lists and fieldnames is another effort.

Within the framework of the IAAI(DS-E.M.R.) and as part of her thesis, Tisma has contacted the software company Waterproof (Amsterdam) to make building projects retrievable on user characteristics. As a result of that project, this company has developed software to elicit database demands from arbitrary clients. The result could be, that clients could develop and change scripts for exporting and importing data themselves. This development is likely important for the implementation of IAAI.

 

 

Enclosure current programme of demands

 

Since the first programme of demands (1999)[nn] new demands and possibilities came up. They lead to a new programme. The new demands concern:

 

1.       making the input user friendly and attractive to different target groups;

2.       turning the database into a ‘linguistic’ system with free field names;

3.       developing the output into a flight simulator combining CAD and GIS;

4.       writing help files for input and output tapered to researchers, designers and other users;

5.       automatic facilities for maintenance and organization

6.       making input and output accessible for external users.

 

The first programme of requirements is largely realized. These demands are repeated here only in the case they are not yet realized and still urgent. For a general image of the possibilities we refer to the website[oo] and for more insight to the relevant report[pp]. On minor points the present IAAI deviates from that programme. Some items are passed by present possibilities, some still receive attention, but are considered as less urgent in view of new possibilities.

Implementation input

Even if the now available input software is tested sufficiently, implementation still requires a long-lasting and stubborn organisational effort to motivate and connect potential suppliers of images to the IAAI, starting with those of the faculty itself. By that, experience is gained in solving problems of external import to generalize it in a common scripting facility. It becomes easier running the development of such a facility and as soon as a critical mass of images is reached. These connections of databases required are especially in the beginning effort from the side of the suppliers. They should be motivated and facilitated to formulate their demands for input in such a way, that the programmer could make the input for them as easy and attractive as possible. Here the software of Waterproof perhaps already can play a role. Then for each target group (for instance educational projects, an ‘atelier’) their own time saving script should be included in the database and website with a possibility to alter when needed.

 

There are 4 types of scripts for shorter input[qq]:

 

2D images of existing building details, buildings, neigbourhoods and districts

Mediatheek of slides (Bijleveld)[rr]

Archive of maps (vacancy)

Architectural archive (Saariste)

Historical archive (van Geest)

Classic examples (Risselada, Haaksma)

 

2D images of designed future building details, buildings, neigbourhoods and districts

Graduate projects afterwards (DOS)[ss]

Graduate projects in advance (examencommissie, Curriculumvernieuwing)

Results of the pilot project Architectural Intervention (Klaasen)

First educational module (Weeber)

Individual input via the existing programme

 

3D images of existing building details, buildings, neigbourhoods and districts

Portfolioproject (Sariyildiz)[tt]

CAD atelier (Barendse)

CAD lab (Koutamanis, vLoon)

Deltam (Tisma)

Individual input via the existing programme

 

4D moving and calculated images

IAAI(DSS-E.M.R.) (Frieling)[uu]

Architecture lab (Oosterhuis)

Technical lab (Rots)

 

For every catagory the past half-year contacts with representatives of one of the named faculty projects resulted in experimental scripts (see footnotes).

The input of 2D images of existing projects can be quite complete, preferably with their historical context and the perspective at that time, because all specifications are known. They enable the flight simulator to evoke historical images like the Vermeer-project does with the images of Delft at that time. The input only can be done by professional employees. That only will happen when they have advantages from the IAAI. The input should be pleasant, the use in lecture rooms self-evident, and the IAAI the standard of the faculty.

 

The 2D images of daily newly designed objects can be easily imported and changed already with the existing input programme. The database controls every night whether they are changed and actually available on the respective personal server space.

The 3D images require more data and thus effort for input, because their location require more exact coordinates and orientation in the AHN and a selection of appearances to be shown fast. When a designer puts them at the disposal for download in the IAAI, the personal server space might need a high capacity.

There is not yet much experience concerning 4D moving and calculated images.

Retrievability of context and perspective

Keywords concerning context and perspective characteristics supposed by the imported design (also important to distinguish scenarios in the flight simulator and phases of systematizing), should be brought together in a matrix according to the diagram below to faciltate quick output. In such a diagram choices can be made fast by clicking and double clicking (context keyboard[vv]).

 

 

 

 

 

CONTEXT and impacts        within a PERSPECTIVE

 

Variable per level of scale         and period of change.

For example:                                                        tentative nationally:

 

 

managerial:           initiative (!)            < >       (?) laissez-faire     7 years

cultural:                traditional (<)         < >      (>) experimental   15 years

economics:           growth (+)              < >           (-) shrinkage   30 years

technical:             combination (/)       < >     (x) specialization   60 years

ecological:            heterogeneous (v)  < >    (o) homogeneous  120 years

mass-space-time: concentration (C)   < > (D) deconcentration 240 years

 

Context keyboard (example: Stedenland perspective (VROM 1998) and impacts (grey))

 

Searching by the flight simulator a scenario can be chosen striking a ‘chord’. With a touch screen it could eventually be ‘played’ quite literally like a musical instrument, while zoomed in on a location. By that the effort of input and retrieval is diminished.

The same representation can be used to locate the expected and unexpected impacts readable from the image within the regarding perspective.

Commonness list

A free keyword with an image may be a non-existent expression (neologism) when expressions for a characteristic of the image or design do not yet exist. This may be an important contribution to the concept formation for research by design. That’s why IAAI does not assume a thesaurus of allowed expressions. The results of the methodology project mentioned on page 2 force us to that conclusion and new software facilitating associations will solve the problem.

Uncommon expressions however, will not contribute to the accessibility of the image unless the expression is adopted by more designers. That often happens by fashion or around the ideas of a famous architect or popular design teacher (‘schoolvorming’). In the past these neologisms were a source of difficuly in naming design characteristics, and making them manageable.

In view of that, in the input programme where one can register free keywords as sentence functions now already appears a scroll list of associations, between teachers and their terms of reference, and a scroll list of most searched headwords from the faculty library. This should be extended by an alphabetical scroll list of all keywords already used with any other image in the database and the number of their occurrence (common keywords in a commonness list). Choosing one of them with a higher occurrence results in a higher score of accessibility and a higher chance to be chosen in the home page.

Association lists

Besides a commonness list in the input programme, a list should be available indicating the number of preceding search failures on the chosen word and the associated words that have succeeded in these searches. On that basis the computer could put together a semantic ‘association list’ with each used word. These lists also can be used while searching in the database. Finding no suitable images the programme can give associations to look for as well. Anybody can add associations by simulating a search starting with an unsuccessful keyword, and ending with a word that will succeed.

Automatic translation of keywords

In this way, Dutch, English, German, French of Spanish translation can be added as associations of common keywords. The result will be that when putting in a foreign word, one gets a number of proposals to search for more common keywords as well

Feed back to the supplier

The author of the image should get an Email, when her or his image is found after a long search with many other keyword trials (author feed back). She or he is suggested to include some of these keywords in the documentation with the image. The reward is a higher rating of accessability.

Deleting unsuccessful  keywords

Users, seaching an image should have the opportunity to press a ‘disappointment button’. The result is a periodical list of misleading expressions and associations, based on an analysis of failing search paths, and proposals to drop unsuccessful keywords.

Database functionality

The possibilities of the database accepting this input, storing, checking, controlling, protecting and publishing it on the internet taking care af an optimal accessibility, should be extended (database functionality). Each supplier after all has always new categories of keywords to describe her or his images better then the available 130 asked for by the input programme. They are inspired by the pilot project ‘The Architectural Intervention’ and the future supplier not only wants more but also less (see for instance the criticism of Oosterhuis[ww]). The input script specified for each target group not only takes care to avoid unnecessary questions, but it should also be able to add new questions as soon as they become necessary. These new categories of keywords now already can be imported, but they are stored in the 131st field for free keywords with a simple syntactical addition (sentence function). Looking up by these keywords takes too much time. The present database therefore should be turned into a more flexible and faster linguistic system without limitations of fieldnames, able to store any conceivable category of keywords.

 

The documented[xx] database now operates under LINUX and communicates without problem with input and output via MS Windows. LINUX programmers are less available then MS DOS  Windows programmers and exchange with common programs like Oracle, GIS and CAD could give problems. Otherwise LINUX is cheap, stable, open and adaptable. The development of ‘Linguistic’ databases are not very advanced and a closer study is required to determine how the 131st field could be programmed to incorporate the other fields.

Output

Important conditions to develop the output into a flight simulator are already created, but there is a long way to cash in on them. For the probably available 3D AHN, a GIS-D environment has to be created, able to store, supply and show fastly the required parts on every request via the internet. Moreover the file has to be updated with more recent and precise data, collected by researchers and students. Then the 3D designs have to be inserted according to the specifications any time they are requested by a user via the internet. They have to be translated from the original format (AUTOCAD, MAYA and so on) and should be downloadable in any format the user likes.

Help files

To develop interactive educational help files at the input and output, adapted to researchers, designers and external users, requires a battery of experts. They should, according to a given format, write instructions educating novice users to professional producers, and researchers of design drawings as scientific documents. These texts can grow into introductory courses CAD, GIS-D and professionally publishing about design research, and publishing about research by design.

Making help files is not a software problem, but requires much effort. The connection with places in the programme where help files context sensitive appear, requires ongoing consultation with the programmer and steady, durable organizational lines.

Maintenance and organization

The existing programme gives already much attention to facilitate the maintenance of the system. A proposed IAAI committee should choose periodically the ten best images out of the best documented ones for the home page as a start for searches. The system summarises the top 100 best documented and the top 100 most often consulted images to choose from. The proposed committee constitutes out of them a top 10 for the home page where every search will start verbally or non-verbally by image. Earlier top tens can be dropped from further competition. The members of the committee should be facilitated by the possibility of only clicking their preferences at any time or from any screen they want by means of a password.

Other possibilities to minimize the effort of maintenance will come up running the system.

External users

To make IAAI accessible for external users like former students, other faculties and universities, higher vocational education, consultancies, real estate developers, building industries, requires more robust software, more security measures and a payment system. Such adaptations come up when the system functions within the faculty and proves its value there. In connection with that, ongoing study is required of the function of competing image archives, new software and hardware IAAI has to joint in with. The IAAI has to be elaborated as simple and open as possible not to miss these connections.

 

Enclosure largely realized programme (in Dutch iba 1999)

Prof.dr.ir. Taeke M. de Jong(1999-03-30)

 

1.       Het IBA verzamelt en bewaart beelden die in het kader van onderwijs en onderzoek aan de Faculteit Bouwkunde worden gemaakt en maakt deze naast andere, elders ontwikkelde beeldarchieven optimaal en interactief voor onderzoek en onderwijs toegankelijk.

2.       Het pilotproject 'De Architectonische Interventie' (AI) dient voorlopig als proefomgeving voor de levering en het gebruik van tekeningen en andere beelden. Daarna moet het IBA voor de gehele faculteit ook afzonderlijk kunnen functioneren.

3.       De beelden zijn toegankelijk en opvraagbaar via het computernetwerk van de Faculteit Bouwkunde en voor zover toelaatbaar via het Internet.

4.       Bij gebruik van de beelden wordt bronvermelding verplicht gesteld. Bij gebruik van de beelden op een andere site dan waarvan zij afkomstig zijn moeten zij behalve een bronvermelding ook door een aanklikbare link direkt verbonden worden met de site waarvan zij afkomstig zijn.

5.       De beelden worden in elk geval opgeslagen in de formaten JPG, GIF of DXF

6.       De kwaliteit van de beelden:

6.1.  moet voor zover zij ten behoeve van het terugzoeken in eerste instantie op het scherm verschijnen voldoende zijn om hun inhoud te herkennen, zonder tot een voor enige gebruiker onaanvaardbare beeldopbouwtijd te leiden ('thumbnail', voorlopig 120x90 pixels);

6.2.  moet in tweede instantie door aanklikken van de thumbnail een weergave met hogere resolutie ('standaardweergave', indien beschikbaar voorlopig 600x450 pixels) opleveren, voldoende voor een illustratie van 6cm breedte in een onderzoekrapport, met een voor gebruikers van aan het net gekoppelde computers op de Faculteit aanvaardbare beeldopbouwtijd;

6.3.  In derde instantie wordt gestreefd naar een adressering waarbij originelen of hoogwaardige afdrukken of electronische beelden met een zeer hoge resolutie bij de auteur of direkt van het net op een serverlocatie met daartoe gereserveerde ruimte, opvraagbaar zijn.

6.4.  In vierde instantie worden tekeningen die als vectorbestand beschikbaar komen ook als zodanig opgeslagen en via het net als geheel of object- of laagsgewijs ter beschikking gesteld.

6.5.  Een selectie van deze laatste beelden zijn op termijn op het scherm zinvol bewerkbaar en na bewerking als rastertekening van het net afneembaar met de dan aanwezige internet-technologie.

7.       De beelden zijn terugzoekbaar via, en worden per beeld in een standaarddocument op het net vergezeld door, de volgende verplichte***, aanbevolen**, gangbare* en vrije trefwoorden:

7.1.  auteur(...), de auteur van het beeld of de tekening***;

7.2.  emailauteur(…), het Email-adres van de auteur***;

7.3.  webauteur(…), het webadres van de auteur**;

7.4.  webproject(... …), het webadres van het project waarbinnen het beeld een functie vervult***:

7.5.  datum(...), de datum van laatste bewerking door de auteur***;

7.6.  titel(...)[yy], een unieke titel van maximaal 30 letters en cijfers die als bestandsnaam (onderdeel van het webadres) van het beeld wordt gebruikt, eventueel gevolgd door een volgnummer wanneer het om een serie beelden gaat ***;

7.7.  thumbnail(…)[zz], een verwijzing naar een kopie van 120x90 pixels in dezelfde directory als het beeld**;

7.8.  scherpbeeld(…), een verwijzing naar een 'origineel' in hoge resolutie.

7.9.  postcode(...), de postcode van de locatie**;

7.10.     plankader(...), het kader (schaal) van het plangebied, uitgedrukt in meters karakteristieke straal in de reeks 1m, 3m, 10m …**;

7.11.     studiekader(...), het kader (schaal) van het studiegebied uitgedrukt in meters karakteristieke straal in de reeks 1m, 3m, 10m …**;

7.12.     planondergrond(... …), een verwijzing (internetadres) naar de kaart die het plangebied en zijn locatie weergeeft alsmede de datum waarop deze ondergrond is opgenomen**;

7.13.     studieondergrond(...), een verwijzing (internetadres) naar de kaart die het studiegebied en zijn locatie weergeeft alsmede de datum waarop deze ondergrond is opgenomen **;

7.14.     themabeeld(… …), een verwijzing naar het internetadres waar tenminste 3 beelden uit SWING te vinden zijn die een thematisch beeld geven van indicatoren van productie, consumptie en distributie in het studiegebied alsmede de trefwoorden waarin deze thema's in indicatoren worden uitgewerkt**;

7.15.     planwateroppervlakte(...) planonverhardoppervlakte(...) planverhardoppervlakte(...) planbebouwdoppervlakte(...), de in het plan betrokken grondoppervlakte, uitgedrukt in m2, ten minste gespecificeerd naar de categorieën water, onverhard, verhard, bebouwd**.

7.16.     produktievloeroppervlaktete(...) distributievloeroppervlakte(...) consumptievloeroppervlakte(...) restvloeroppervlakte(...), het in het plan betrokken vloeroppervlak, uitgedrukt in m2, ten minste gespecificeerd naar ruimten voor productie, distributie, consumptie en 'onbepaald of multifunctioneel'**.

7.17.     actoren(...), de actoren in het bouwproces voor wie de tekening of het beeld een rol kan vervullen, de 'doelgroep' **;

7.18.     exterieurreferentie(... ...), een verwijzing (internetadres) naar een situatief of architectonisch referentiebeeld en een trefwoord dat de vergelijkingsgrondslag weergeeft**;

7.19.     interieurreferentie(... ...), een verwijzing (internetadres) naar een constructief of architectonisch referentiebeeld en een trefwoord dat de vergelijkingsgrondslag weergeeft**;

7.20.     context(...), een verwijzing (internetadres) van de AItabel waarin de context van het beeld of project wordt weergegeven**;

7.21.     perspectief(...), een verwijzing (internetadres) van de AItabel waarin het perspectief (toekomstbeeld) van het beeld of project wordt weergegeven**;

7.22.     trefwoorden die het beeld voor verschillende categorieën zoekers karakteriseren, zoals:

7.22.1.    gangbare trefwoorden die zoveel als mogelijk het 'jargon' van de AI of het betrokken project volgen*;

7.22.2.    vrije trefwoorden, waaronder neologismen zijn toegestaan.

8.       Er zijn voorlopig zeven bronnen van beelden:

8.1.    Nader te ontwikkelen voorbeelden voor de AI.

8.2.    Persoonsgebonden websites van afstudeerders en onderzoekers bij de AI;

8.3.    De projectgebonden websites, tot 1 september 1999 bestaande uit:

8.3.1.   Buitenplaats(http://www.bk.tudelft.nl/ai/buitenplaats/index.htm)

8.3.2.   Deltametropool(http://www.bk.tudelft.nl/ai/deltametropool/index.htm)

8.3.3.   EnvironMENTAL_Design(http://www.bk.tudelft.nl/ai/environmentaldesign/index.htm)

8.3.4.   Hybrides(http://www.bk.tudelft.nl/ai/hybrides/index.htm)

8.3.5.   Nieuwe_Stedelijke_Woonvormen(http://www.bk.tudelft.nl/ai/stedelijkewoonvormen/index.htm)

8.3.6.   Overstapmachine(http://www.bk.tudelft.nl/ai/overstapmachine/index.html)

8.4.    Een voor de AI geproduceerde auteursrechtvrije vectorkaart van Nederland in ruim 30 lagen.

8.5.    Het voor de AI door ABF geproduceerde programma SWING, waarmee voor de bouwkunde relevante socaal-economische gegevens van Nederland tot op postcodeniveau op kaartfragmenten van verschillend formaat kunnen worden geprojecteerd en door de gebruiker in de vectorkaart ingepast.

8.6.    De dia's van alle afstudeerprojecten van de faculteit die bij buluitreikingen vanaf 1 september 1999 worden getoond.

8.7.    De externe websites die in enige site van de AI worden geciteerd.

9.       De beelden worden met een voor de AI ontwikkelde zoekmachine dagelijks automatisch geregistreerd, terugzoekbaar gemaakt en geselecteerd in het 'intelligente' deel van de website van de Architectonische_Interventie(http://ai.bk.tudelft.nl/top_1.html).

9.1.    Het registratie-en terugzoekmechanisme in deze site kan daaruit later betrekkelijk eenvoudig worden losgemaakt en verder ontwikkeld als Faculteits-IBA.

9.2.    Het selectiemechanisme omvat:

9.2.1.   een dagelijkse automatische telling van het aantal trefwoorden dat per beeld wordt geboden, waarbij verplichte trefwoorden driemaal tellen, aanbevolen tweemaal;

9.2.2.   een dagelijkse telling van het voorkomen van elk trefwoord bij verschillende beelden (gangbaarheid)[aaa];

9.2.3.   de berekening van een toegankelijkheidsscore per beeld uit het product van beide;

9.2.4.   een dagelijkse telling van het aantal malen dat een beeld door een aangebrachte link buiten de bronsite binnen de AI wordt 'gesiteerd' ('sitatie-index')[bbb] en een ophoging van de toegenkelijkheidsscore van elk 'gesiteerd' beeld met een nader te bepalen aantal punten per sitatie, resulterend in een 'wetenschappelijke relevantie score';

9.2.5.   een dagelijkse publicatie van de auteurs en unieke titels van de honderd hoogst scorende beelden in de website van de AI;

9.2.6.   een maandelijkse selectie van de esthetisch en wetenschappelijk beste tien beelden (top-tien) door een daartoe in te stellen IBA-top-tien-commissie;

9.3.    De zoekmogelijkheden worden op de AI-site toegankelijk gemaakt:

9.3.1.   door een automatische publicatie van de top-tien-auteurs als introductie van de pagina 'projects' van de AI-site, bestaande uit vijf aanklikbare thumbnails naast elkaar per auteur, voorzien van de naam van de auteur waarin zij/hij werkzaam is. Bij aanklikken verschijnt de standaarweergave met alle trefwoorden en bijbehorende vindplaatsen die bij het beeld behoren (zie 7) en waarvan sommige op hun beurt aanklikbaar zijn.

9.3.2.   als volledige alfabetisch scrollende en bij losse invoer springende trefwoordenlijst op de pagina 'catchwords'. Daarbij gelden de namen van auteurs, locaties enz. ook als trefwoord. In deze lijst wordt geen enkel onderscheid gemaakt, zelfs niet naar de taal waarin het trefwoord is gesteld. Wanneer men een trefwoord kiest, verschijnt een lijst van verwante trefwoorden die men in de zoekopdracht kan betrekken. Verwante trefwoorden zijn Nederlandse vertalingen, synomiemen, andere spelwijzen (bij 'stedebouw' wordt ook 'stedenbouw' gezocht)[ccc], andere weergaven (met of zonder hoofdletters) of losse woorden die in enig samengesteld trefwoord zijn opgenomen. Als men het trefwoord en zijn geaccepteerde verwanten tot een zoekvraag heeft samengesteld en opgegeven, verschijnt een lijst met aanklikbare adressen die naar de vindplaats verwijzen. De vindplaats kan ook een tekst zijn waarin het trefwoord als trefwoord is weergegeven, dat wil zeggen met een aansluitend haakje-openen zonder spatie.

9.3.3.   op een (voorlopig éénmaal inzoombare) kaart van Nederland waarin elk beeld of (afstudeer)project waarvan de locatie bekend is als stip verschijnt. Klikt men op een stip, dan verschijnt een uitvergroting van de kaart. Klikt men op een stip in deze uitvergroting, dan verschijnt een lijst van auteurs waarvan beelden beschikbaar zijn.

9.3.4.   via de projecten en hun eigen sites onder de pagina 'a virtual transformation';

9.3.5.   via de lijst personen op de pagina's onder 'people'.

9.3.6.   via de literatuurverwijzingen op de pagina's onder 'publications'.

9.3.7.   via de pagina 'overview of all available pictures' onder de pagina 'sitemap'. Het doorzoeken van deze opsomming van thumbnails is de meest van het toeval afhankelijke en dus gemiddeld meest tijdrovende zoekwijze.

10.   De auteurs die beelden aan het beeldarchief ter beschikking stellen leveren als onderdeel van de projectwebsite of in hun persoonlijke website:

10.1.het beeld of een genummerde serie beelden met dezelfde titel, maar gevolgd door verschillende volgnummers:

10.1.1.    in het standaardformaat van 450x600 pixels in elk geval als JPG- of GIF-bestand en eventueel daarnaast als DXF-bestand. Het bestand heeft een titel van maximaal 30 karakters als naam, gevolgd door een s, het eventuele nummer en de vereiste extensie (.jpg, .gif of .dxf), bijvoorbeeld fotoreportage_Rijnsweert1s.jpg.

10.1.2.    in het thumbnailformaat van 120x90 pixels met een titel als onder 10.1.1, echter gevolgd  door een t, bijvoorbeeld fotoreportage_Rijnsweert1t.jpg.

10.1.3.    eventueel in een formaat met hogere resolutie onder dezelfde titel, gevolgd door een h, bijvoorbeeld fotoreportage_Rijnsweert1h.jpg.

10.2.een HTML-bestand onder dezelfde titel zonder achtervoegsel, maar met de extensie .HTM waarin in elk geval het standaardformaat is opgenomen met alle verplichte en eventueel aanbevolen en vrije trefwoorden als onder 7 (slechts gescheiden door een spatie). Alle trefwoorden worden zonder spatie gevolgd door twee haakjes () waarbinnen eventueel andere trefwoorden kunnen worden 'genest'.

10.3.andere HTML-bestanden waarnaar via deze trefwoorden wordt verwezen zoals het web van de auteur, de planondergrond, de studieondergrond, het themabeeld, de exterieur- en interieurreferentie, de context en het perpectief.

11.   Het beheer van het IBA moet worden geminimaliseerd. Het wordt voorlopig geďntegreerd in dat van de website van de AI en kan daaruit te zijner tijd worden losgemaakt. Deze site ontleent zijn materiaal aan de daaronder ressorterende projectsites en deze op hun beurt ontlenen hun materiaal weer aan daaronder ressorterende persoonlijke sites. Het beheer van de websites wordt voor zover als mogelijk geautomatiseerd en degelegeerd door:

11.1.de bij de AI betrokken studenten en onderzoekers te vragen een persoonlijke website te maken en te onderhouden volgens het format van de projectsites en met inachtname van het gestelde in 10;

11.2.de projectwebverantwoordelijken van de bij de AI betrokken projecten te vragen:

11.2.1.    ervoor te zorgen dat in de bestaande projectwebsite alle deelprojecten, personen, agendapunten en data worden vermeld, en de nog openstaande vragen beantwoord zijn volgens de daar gegeven aanwijzingen en indeling;

11.2.2.    te stimuleren dat elke deelnemende student en onderzoeker naar het voorbeeld van de projectwebsite een persoonlijke website maakt en beheert in de daarvoor gereserveerde serverruimte (3Mb per student), zodat daaruit eenvoudig de beelden en gegevens kunnen worden betrokken voor het projectweb;

11.2.3.    in de projectsites op elke daartoe in aanmerking komende plaats links naar de persoonlijke sites op te nemen;

11.2.4.    deze sites regelmatig na te lopen op voortgang en nieuwe beelden ten einde daarvan in overleg met de projectvoorzitter selecties op te nemen in de projectwebsite. Een opname in de projectwebsite geldt als 'sitatie' in de zin van 9.2.4;

11.2.5.    voorstellen aan de AI-programmeur te doen om deze werkzaamheden te automatiseren

11.3.de AI-site met het beeldarchief met wachtwoorden te verdelen in onderdelen waarvoor verschillende mensen verantwoordelijk zijn.

11.3.1.    P.M.

12.   De lay-out van de AI-site en het IBA moet herkenbaar en artistiek verantwoord zijn

12.1.P.M.

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Tzonis, A. and Lefaivre, L. (1995) Movement, Structure And the Work of Santiago Calatrava (Basel) Birkhäuser.

Tzonis, A., Lefaivre, L. and Diamond, R. (1995) Architecture in America since 1960 (London) Thames and Hudson; Birkhäuser.

Tzonis, A. and White, I., Eds. (1994) Automation Based Creation Design (Amsterdam) Elsevier.

VROM (1998) Nederland 2030, Discussienota Verkenning Ruimtelijke Perspectieven (Den Haag) Ministerie van VROM, distributiecentrum.

VROM (2001b) Ruimte maken, ruimte delen. Vijfde Nota over de Ruimtelijke Ordening 2 000/2 020 (Den Haag) Ministerie van VROM.

 

 

Keywords

 

2D images............................................ 15; 16

3D designs................................................. 18

3D images............................................ 15; 16

3D landscape............................................... 2

3D map.................................................. 2; 13

3D-landschap............................................... 3

4D images.................................................. 16

accessibility............................................... 12

Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland........ 2; 3; 13

afleesbaar.................................................... 3

AHN......................... 2; 3; 8; 10; 13; 14; 16; 18

alternatives................................................... 4

architectural archive................................. 8; 15

Architectural Intervention......... 8; 12; 13; 15; 17

Architecture lab....................................... 8; 16

association list.................................... 8; 9; 17

associations........................................... 9; 17

atelier........................................................ 15

author feed back......................................... 17

AUTOCAD.................................................. 18

Barendse................................................ 8; 15

Bekkering.................................................... 5

Bijleveld.................................................. 8; 15

books.......................................................... 6

building design.......................................... 4; 5

building industries......................................... 9

CAD atelier....................................... 8; 14; 15

CAD images............................................... 14

CAD lab................................................. 8; 15

capacity for input.......................................... 6

cases.......................................................... 6

categorizing................................................ 13

classic examples.................................... 8; 15

clients........................................................ 14

common keywords...................................... 17

commonness list..................................... 8; 17

comparable.................................................. 4

competing image archives...................... 13; 18

concept formation....................................... 17

connecting databases................................... 8

connections of databases............................ 15

consequenties.............................................. 3

consultants.................................................. 9

context........................................................ 4

context criteria............................................. 2

context keyboard........................................ 16

context of invention....................................... 4

context sensitive........................................... 2

contextgevoelig............................................. 3

context-kenmerken....................................... 3

contexts..................................................... 13

costs and coverage..................................... 11

curriculumvernieuwing.................................. 15

curricumumvernieuwing................................. 8

database................................................ 5; 15

database functionality.............................. 9; 17

decentralized storage.................................. 13

decision making........................................... 6

decision making institutions........................... 5

decision process.......................................... 6

deleting keywords......................................... 8

Deltam................................................... 8; 15

Deltametropolis............................................ 6

Deltametropool........................................... 13

Deltanet DSS........................................ 10; 13

design research...................................... 4; 14

design study................................................ 4

Design Support Systems......................... 8; 13

diatheek..................................................... 13

differentiate the input..................................... 2

disappointment button................................. 17

diversity of solutions...................................... 4

documentation.......................................... 5; 7

DOS...................................................... 8; 15

drawings as scientific documents................. 18

DSS..................................................... 10; 13

Duin............................................................ 5

durable organizational lines.......................... 18

E.M.R.................................................... 6; 13

educational module................................. 8; 15

educational projects................................ 9; 15

Eekhout................................................... 5; 6

examencommissie.................................. 8; 15

examples..................................................... 2

exhibitions................................................... 6

existing databases........................................ 9

external DS systems................................... 13

external users.............................. 9; 10; 15; 18

faculty Civil engineering and Geosciences subfaculty Geodesie DUT        10

faculty Informatietechnologie en systemen...... 9

faculty library.............................................. 17

faculty memory............................................. 7

failing search paths..................................... 17

feed back author........................................... 8

field bound keywords..................................... 8

field names.................................................. 9

flexibility...................................................... 4

flight simulator.................... 2; 3; 13; 14; 16; 18

format................................................... 13; 18

former pupils................................................ 9

forms........................................................... 4

free keywords.................................... 8; 12; 17

Fretton......................................................... 5

Frieling.................................. 3; 5; 6; 8; 13; 16

Geest..................................................... 8; 15

Geodan.............................................. 2; 3; 13

Geodesy.................................................... 14

Geographic Information Systems.................. 14

Geraerdts..................................................... 6

GIS............................................................ 14

GIS-CAD...................................................... 8

GIS-D.................................... 8; 10; 13; 14; 18

graduate projects.................................... 2; 15

graduate projects afterwards.......................... 8

graduate projects in advance.................... 8; 15

graduate studies........................................... 6

Haaksma................................................ 8; 15

Habiforum............................................... 6; 13

help........................................................... 15

help files............................................... 10; 18

historical archive..................................... 8; 15

historical images.......................................... 5

home page................................................. 12

Huijsmans.................................................... 7

I.C.E.S........................................................ 6

IAAI committee........................................... 18

IAAI(DS-E.M.R.)......................................... 14

IAAI(DSS-E.M.R.)................................... 8; 16

IAAI(registration)....................................... 2; 3

IAAI-committee............................................. 8

Image Archive Architectural Interventions..... 2; 3

image characteristics.................................. 12

impacts.................................................. 2; 16

implementation........................................... 15

individual input........................................ 8; 15

Industrial Design......................................... 14

input................................................. 7; 12; 15

input differentiation........................................ 9

international protocols................................. 14

internet.................................................... 2; 3

Jonge.......................................................... 6

keyword fields............................................. 12

keyword lists.............................................. 14

keywords................................................ 9; 12

keywords context and perspective................ 16

Klaasen.................................................. 8; 15

Koutamanis............................................ 8; 15

Krebbers........................................... 7; 10; 14

land consolidation plans.............................. 14

linguistic databases.................................... 12

linguistic storage.......................................... 2

linguistic system..................................... 8; 17

linguistische opslag...................................... 3

LINUX................................................... 12; 18

LNV........................................................... 14

Loon............................................... 6; 7; 8; 15

maintenance................................ 8; 10; 15; 18

map of the Netherlands.......................... 12; 13

maps..................................................... 8; 15

mass-space studies.................................... 14

master plans.............................................. 14

MAYA........................................................ 18

Mediatheek............................................. 8; 15

Meetkundige Dienst RWS.................... 2; 3; 14

metropolis.................................................... 6

Meyer.......................................................... 5

Ministries................................................... 14

MS Access........................................... 12; 13

MS DOS.................................................... 18

MS Visual Basic................................... 12; 13

MS Windows.............................................. 18

naamgeving van ontwerpingrepen.................... 3

naming and defining...................................... 5

naming design characteristics...................... 17

naming design interventions........................... 2

National Plan of Spatial Policy....................... 6

neologism.................................................. 17

new categories............................................. 9

new designs............................................... 13

non-verbal search.................................. 12; 18

obsolete images......................................... 12

Oosterhuis........................................ 8; 16; 17

Oosterom..................................................... 7

open architecture........................................ 13

operators..................................................... 9

output................................................... 15; 18

payment system........................................... 9

perspectief................................................... 3

perspectives.................................... 2; 4; 6; 13

photogrammetric treatment.......................... 14

portfolio........................................................ 6

portfolio of research....................................... 5

portfolioproject........................................ 8; 15

Priemus....................................................... 6

programme................................................... 4

programme of demands.......................... 12; 15

projects....................................................... 6

Province of South-Holland............................ 14

public debate................................................ 6

publishing about design research.................. 18

publishing about research by design............. 18

readable....................................................... 2

real estate developers................................... 9

regional plans............................................. 14

registration................................................. 13

report of progress........................................ 12

reports......................................................... 6

research by design.................................. 4; 14

research projects.......................................... 9

research themes......................................... 12

retrievability.................................................. 9

rights........................................................... 9

Risselada........................................... 5; 8; 15

robustness................................................... 4

Rots................................................... 6; 8; 16

Rural system.......................................... 9

RWS......................................................... 14

Saariste................................................. 8; 15

Sariyildiz....................................... 7; 8; 10; 15

scenario................................................. 2; 13

Scholten...................................................... 7

schoolvorming............................................. 17

script......................................................... 15

scripting facility........................................... 15

scripts.................................................. 13; 14

search problems........................................... 9

security....................................................... 9

selection...................................................... 5

semantic associations................................. 12

sentence functions......................... 5; 9; 12; 17

software adaptations..................................... 9

software documentation............................... 12

Stelpstra.................................................... 12

Stouffs................................................... 7; 10

study by design............................................ 4

successful searches................................... 12

suppliers.................................................... 15

syntactically composed keywords.................. 5

syntax......................................................... 9

systematization.......................................... 13

systematizing............................................. 16

tapered input................................................ 6

target group................................................ 15

technical lab........................................... 8; 16

terms of reference....................................... 17

thesaurus................................................... 17

Tisma............................................... 8; 14; 15

top 10................................................... 12; 18

top 100...................................................... 18

topographic backgrounds............................. 14

translation........................................... 8; 9; 17

transport system.......................................... 9

trouble shooting............................................ 9

typology....................................................... 4

Tzonis......................................................... 5

unique......................................................... 4

unsuccessful keywords............................... 17

urban system............................................... 9

verbal search.............................................. 18

Verbree........................................................ 7

Vermeer-project.......................................... 16

vocabulary.................................................... 9

Voorden................................................... 5; 6

VROM....................................................... 14

water system............................................... 9

Waterproof............................................ 14; 15

website...................................................... 15

Weeber.................................................. 8; 15

zoning plans............................................... 14

 


[a] Keywords from the keyword list on page 26 are represented in the text in small capitals.

[b] http://iaai.bk.tudelft.nl/

[c] http://www.io.tudelft.nl/id-studiolab/vermeer ,  http://www.johannesvermeer.org , www.gdmc.nl , Boo, Marion de (2001) Een nieuw zicht op Delft (Delft) Delft Integraal 2001.3 TUDelft and Boo, Marion de (2001) Nieuw zicht op Delft (Amsterdam) NRC Handelsblad zaterdag 30 juni, bijlage Wetenschap en Onderwijs

[d] The problems of naming design interventions are elaborated in Jong, T.M. de; Voordt, D.J.M. van der (2002) Ways to research and study urban, architectural and technical design (Delft) DUP Science

[e] Trefwoorden uit de trefwoordenlijst op pagina 26 zijn in de tekst weergegeven in klein kapitaal.

[f] http://iaai.bk.tudelft.nl/

[g] http://www.io.tudelft.nl/id-studiolab/vermeer ,  http://www.johannesvermeer.org , www.gdmc.nl , Boo, Marion de (2001) Een nieuw zicht op Delft (Delft) Delft Integraal 2001.3 TUDelft and Boo, Marion de (2001) Nieuw zicht op Delft (Amsterdam) NRC Handelsblad zaterdag 30 juni, bijlage Wetenschap en Onderwijs

[h] De problemen van naamgeving van ontwerpingrepen  zijn uitgewerkt in Jong, T.M. de; Voordt, D.J.M. van der (2002) Ways to research and study urban, architectural and technical design (Delft) DUP Science

[i] Pattern recognition techniques still do not recognize design relevant characteristics.

[j] IAAI(registration) for instance is a full sentence function that means ‘IAAI as a function of registration’ (Jong 2000; Jong and Graaf 2000; Jong and Rosemann 2000; Jong and Voordt 2000).

[k] (Duin, Polak et al. 1984; Duin, Polak et al. 1985; Duin 1986; Duin 1987; Duin 1988; Duin 1990; Duin 1991; Barbieri, Duin et al. 1992; Barbieri, Duin et al. 1992; Bal, Duin et al. 1996; Barbieri, Duin et al. 1997; Barbieri, Duin et al. 2000; Jong and Duin 2000)

[l] (Tzonis 1982- present; Tzonis and Koutamanis 1990; Tzonis and Lefaivre 1992; Tzonis 1993; Tzonis and White 1994; Tzonis and Lefaivre 1995; Tzonis, Lefaivre et al. 1995; Lefaivre and Tzonis 1999)

[m] (Risselada 1988; Risselada 1996)

[n] (Meyer 1996)

[o] (Eekhout 1996; Ridder and Eekhout 1996; Ridder and Eekhout 1996; Eekhout 1998; Eekhout 1998; Eekhout 1998; Jong, Bergh et al. 2000)

[p] (Dewulf and Jonge 1994; Jonge, Priemus et al. 1998; Toorn Vrijthoff, Jonge et al. 1998; Toorn Vrijthoff, Jonge et al. 1998; Toorn Vrijthoff, Jonge et al. 1998)

[q] (Priemus 1970; Priemus 1972; Priemus 1978; Priemus and Grafe 1999, 2000; Jong and Priemus 2000)

[r] (Geraedts and Dekker 1995; Geraedts and Dekker 1995; Menheere and Geraerdts 1995; Geraerdts e.a 1996; Helm and Geraedts 1996)

[s] He developed the game MOMENTUM for the project Nederland Nu Als Ontwerp (NNAO 1987; NNAO 1989; NNAO 1989). In this game The Netherlands could be designed until 2050 with real time comment of four political parties, changing their judgement on every intervention.

[t] hscholten@econ.vu.nl

[u] E.Verbree@geo.tudelft.nl

[v] P.P.J.vanLoon@bk.tudelft.nl

[w] C.Krebbers@bk.tudelft.nl

[x] R.Stouffs@bk.tudelft.nl

[y] I.Saryildiz@bk.tudelft.nl

[z] huijsman@cs.leidenuniv.nl

[aa] See De Jong (2001-01-01) 'Het interactief beeldarchief (IBA) registratiefase'(Delft) internal report Faculty of Architecture DUT.

[bb] http://ai.bk.tudelft.nl/projects/top_projects.html

[cc] De Jong (dec. 1998) De Architectonische Interventie, Interactief Beeldarchief Jaarverslag 1998 Begroting 1999 (Delft) internal report Faculty of Architecture DUT; De Jong (dec. 1999) Begroting en jaarverslag IBA 1999 (Delft) internal report Faculty of Architecture DUT

[dd] De Jong (maart 1999) Programma van eisen aan het Interactief Beeldarchief (IBA) (Delft) internal report Faculty of Architecture DUT

[ee] De Jong (1999, june) Staat en perspectief van het Interactief Beeldarchief (Delft) internal report Faculty of Architecture DUT; De Jong (1999, october) Interactief BeeldArchief (IBA) in wording (Delft) internal report Faculty of Architecture DUT

[ff] De Jong (april 2000) IBA-invoerprogramma (Delft) internal report Faculty of Architecture DUT

[gg] See for instance Van Geest (2000) Faculteit Bouwkunde Collectieplan (Delft) internal report Faculty of Architecture DUT

[hh] De Jong (2000-11-25) ImplementatieProjecten IBA(registratie) (Delft) internal report Faculty of Architecture DUT

[ii] Frieling (juni 1999) Interactief Beeldarchief (IBA) (Delft) internal report Faculty of Architecture DUT

[jj] Frieling, D.H.; Gordijn, H.; Piek, M.; en Tisma red. (2001) 'Deltanet DSS' (Delft) Habiforum.

[kk] http://www.minvenw.nl/rws/mdi/geoloket/ahn.html

[ll] Simonse, Merlijn (2000)  (Delft) 3DTOP10, Integratie van TOP10vector an het AHN (Delft) graduate study Geodesie supervised by prof. Oosterom describes among other things this system of 3D-inventarization.

[mm] See Boo, Marion de (2001) Een nieuw zicht op Delft (Delft) Delft Integraal 2001.3, TUDelft. This project was subsidized by LWI.

[nn] De Jong (maart 1999) Programma van eisen aan het Interactief Beeldarchief (IBA) (Delft) internal report Faculty of Architecture DUT, see  enclosure.

[oo] http://iaai.bk.tudelft.nl/

[pp] De Jong (2001-01-01) 'Het interactief beeldarchief (IBA) registratiefase' (Delft) internal report Faculty of Architecture DUT

[qq] De Jong (2000-11-25) ImplementatieProjecten IBA(registratie) (Delft) internal report Faculty of Architecture DUT

[rr] Ready by 1rst of july 2001

[ss] These are imported by hand until 1rst of july. Automatic input requires more organizational effort.

[tt] Ready by 1rst of july 2001

[uu] From this project specifications were not yet received.

[vv] This thought is derived from  prof. Kristinsson. Critisizing the user interface of contemporary mouse steered computers compared to an organ with more than one keyboards.

[ww] De Jong (2001-01-01) 'Het interactief beeldarchief (IBA) registratiefase' (Delft) internal report Faculty of Architecture DUT

[xx] See Van Leeuwen (2000) Uitvoer Interactief BeeldArchief IBA (registratiedeel)

Documentation of the output programme, developed by F. Stelpstra (Delft) internal report Faculty of Architecture DUT.

This documentation is also largely inserted and kept maintained in the source codes.

[yy] De stipjes betekenen dat daarvoor in de plaats iets moet worden ingevuld, de onderstreepte stipjes betekent dat daarvoor een internet-adres (URL) moet worden ingevuld waarnaar wordt verwezen. Bij 'relatieve verwijzing' (verwijzing naar dezelfde directory waarin het beeld en zijn record staat opgeslagen) kan worden volstaan met de naam ban het bestand binnen de directory.

[zz] De thumbnail van het beeld heeft dezelfde naam als het beeld, voorafgegaan door een kleine t.

[aaa] Dubbeltellingen per beeld moeten softwarematig worden vermeden.

[bbb] De 's' wordt hier gebruikt om een onderscheid te maken met citeren in papieren publicaties.

[ccc] Daartoe moet een synomiemenlijst worden samengesteld waarin voor de meestgezochte woorden niet alleen synomiemen, maar ook vertalingen en alternatieve schrijfwijzen zijn opgenomen. Om een dergelijke lijst in de loop der jaren te laten groeien, worden de zoekopdrachten opgeslagen in een bestand dat regelmatig wordt rondgezonden met het verzoek synomiemen te leveren. Deze worden, ook als zij niet voor de hand lijken te liggen, maandelijks aan de synoniemenlijst toegevoegd. Tot de synomiemen van plaatsnamen behoren ook hun postcodes en omgekeerd.